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Reciprocal Identities
sin θ = 1/csc θ
csc θ = 1/sin θ
cos θ = 1/sec θ
sec θ = 1/cos θ
tan θ = 1/cot θ
cot θ = 1/tan θ
Pythagorean Identities
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = csc²θ
Even / Odd Formulas
sin(-θ) = -sin θ
csc(-θ) = -csc θ
cos(-θ) = cos θ
sec(-θ) = sec θ
tan(-θ) = -tan θ
cot(-θ) = -cot θ
Double Angle Formulas
sin(2θ) = 2sinθ cosθ
cos(2θ) = cos²θ - sin²θ
= 2cos²θ - 1
tan(2θ) = 2tanθ / (1 - tan²θ)
Sum & Difference
sin(α ± β) = sinα cosβ ± cosα sinβ
cos(α ± β) = cosα cosβ ∓ sinα sinβ
tan(α ± β) = (tanα ± tanβ) / (1 ∓ tanα tanβ)
Half Angle Formulas
sin(θ/2) = ±√[(1 - cosθ)/2]
cos(θ/2) = ±√[(1 + cosθ)/2]
tan(θ/2) = (1 - cosθ)/sinθ
Laws of Triangles
Law of Sines:
a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC
Law of Cosines:
c² = a² + b² - 2ab cosC
Area:
Area = ½ ab sinC
Hyperbolic Functions
sinh x = (e^x - e^-x)/2
cosh x = (e^x + e^-x)/2
tanh x = (e^x - e^-x)/(e^x + e^-x)
cosh²x - sinh²x = 1