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First Law (Conservation)
ΔU = Q - W
Change in internal energy = Heat added - Work done BY system
Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
P=Pressure, V=Vol, n=moles, R=Gas Constant, T=Temp (K)
Thermodynamic Processes
Process
Constant
Formula
Isobaric
Pressure
W = PΔV
Isochoric
Volume
W = 0
Isothermal
Temp
W = nRT ln(V₂/V₁)
Adiabatic
Heat (Q=0)
PV^γ = const
Formulas
Specific Heat
Q = mcΔT
Latent Heat
Q = mL
Entropy Change
ΔS = Q_rev / T
Gibbs Free Energy
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Carnot Efficiency
η = 1 - T_c / T_h
Heat Transfer Rates
Conduction
P = kA(T_h - T_c)/d
Radiation
P = σeA(T⁴ - T_env⁴)
Thermal Expansion
Linear
ΔL = α L₀ ΔT
Volumetric
ΔV = β V₀ ΔT